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The Nativity façade
is the
unique part of the temple directly built by Gaudí.
When Gaudí died in 1926
only the tower of San Barnabas was totally finished and the other three very
much advanced. This façade has been recently declared WORLD HERITAGE by
the UNESCO.
It is formed as the other façades by four bell towers of square
plant in its base, that comes to be a cylindrical structure when arrived at one fourth
of their height. Further up, they come to a parabolic profile to
become a pinnacle that crown each one of the towers.
The three spaces
remaining among the edges, are take up by three entries forming the portico. |
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Nativity façade
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Cypress with doves as purity symbol |
Tortoise supporting a column |
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The bell towers:
With a height of 107 meters the two
inside and of 98 meters the
outsides.
This is one of the most characteristic and main elements of the façade.
Totally accessible through spiral stairs leaving an important
central empty space and catching up to the top.
All the length
of the bell towers is opened through a sort of stone blinds allowing
the tubular bells sound diffusion planed by Gaudí.
The
silhouette of the upper part resembles a Bishop's staff. Other symbols
to see, are the knot symbol of the bishop's ring and in
the culmination a golden cross showing the capital letters of the
apostle to whom the tower is dedicated.
Each one of the towers of this and
of the other two facades, twelve on the whole, four for each one, is
dedicated to an apostle. Those of the Nativity façade, are
dedicated to Saint Barnabas, Saint Simon, Saint Judas Thaddeus and Saint Mathew. Each
one of them is represented in a great seated statue, placed in the
point in which the towers pass from a square structure to another circular
one,
what permits to do, in the triangular spaces resultant, balconies
serving them as base.
The ornamentation includes the names of Jesus,
Mary and Joseph linked together with palms and with the word "Sanctus" repeated
nine times in each bell tower, in different colours: yellow when dedicated
to God father, red when dedicated to God son and orange colour when
dedicated to the Holy Spirit.
For the pinnacles, Gaudí imagined between 1914 and
1922 different solutions. In the last one finally adopted, the pinnacles are culminate with
stars doing as a crown and by underneath, six signs with the mention
"Hosanna" and "Excelsis".
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Bell towers seen from
the Passion façade |
Bell towers front view |
Barnabas and Simon apostles
with the Montserrat mountain |
Thaddeus and Mathew apostles
with the Immaculate Conception |
The portico:
Gaudí designed for this portico an impressive
iconography in which besides the religious figures, enormous quantities of
vegetable elements have been carved making a link among the different
religious motives in a imaginative explosion of life.
The portico is composed
by three entries devoted to the three Christian virtues: the
Faith (to the right), the
Hope (to the left) and
the Charity (in the centre) with
a fantastic representation of the life of Jesus.
The archivolt
of each entry continues up forming a flashlight finishing in a pinnacle.
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Two views of the Nativity
façade portico |
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The Charity hallway, that is
the central one, is divided into two different entrances by a column that
supports statues of Jesus, Mary, Joseph and angels, completed to both sides
by sculptural groups representing the adoration of the kings and the
shepherds.
In front of the large window of the two ogives composed tympanum and a rose
window we see the star of Bethlehem and on some pedestals the image of the
Archangel doing the Annunciation to the Virgin.
Further up, we find musicians
angels figures, all it surrounded by a vegetable world with flowers of
several species and animal and birds, covering all the surface of the
portico and giving it an impressive aspect unity for a so large surface. In the
upper part of this ensemble, a representation of the signs of the Zodiac is
found just as they were found the night of the birth of Jesus.
Further up
and in a cave surrounded by birds, we find the images of the coronation of
the Virgin. Further up, other images culminating in a sort of pinnacle constituted by a cypress
with pigeons symbol of the purity and
that among others decorative symbols raises itself between the two central
towers and far above the base of the tympanum.
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General view of the Charity
entry |
Virgin Coronation |
The Birth of Jesus on a column
with his genealogy |
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Adoration of the Magician
Kings |
Adoration of the shepherds |
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The Hope hallway,
is
the situated to the left, is a lot more small than the central one and
exceed him something less on the façade, it has a single door. Contains also
an exuberant vegetation in this case aquatic, because in this scenes
the Egypt escape is represented and also the sacrifice of the "Sants
Innocents" (Fool saints).
At the base of the pedestals, it is aquatic fauna and gooses.
The entry
is presided by a statue of Saint Joseph with the child Jesus standing. Also images
of Saint Joachim and Holy Ana. The flashlight culminates in a pinnacle that
represents the mountains of Montserrat and on top the group of the
marriage of the Virgin and Saint Joseph.
In the top end, an imperial crown on
a polyhedral star.
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Two general views of the Hope entry |
Virgin Mary and
Saint Joseph marriage |
Angels playing clarions |
The Faith hallway,
located to the right of the central one, it is of similar dimensions to the
one of Hope. With a single door, we find in it pedestals with domestic birds and
vegetables and a frieze of arabesque.
On top and to the right side, an image of
Jesus working in a bank of carpenter and Joseph and Mary seeking Jesus in the
temple. To the left, the Visitation of the Virgin to his Holy cousin Isabel
and further up Zachariah, Saint John Baptist father. Further up in a niche, an image of this saint. Over the
lintel of the door and presiding
the entry, an image of Jesus seated at the age of twelve.
The tympanum has a large ogive and a rose window. The archivolt is decorated with an
exuberant vegetation with branches of apple tree, to the left some angels
playing clarions among others decorative elements.
The flashlight seemed to the
central one is concluded by a pinnacle in whose interior there is an image
of the Immaculate Conception and on top the group of the Presentation of
Jesus in the temple, composed by the images of Joseph and Mary prostrated and Simeon with the
child Jesus.
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Faith entry, two views |
Angels playing clarions |
Presentation of Jesus in
the temple and S. Trinity |
Music: Harp and angels playing
clarions |
Scupltures and sculptors:
The artists sculptors collaborating with Gaudí in the decoration of this facade were Llorenç
Matamala i Piñol, Carles Mani i Roig and Jaume Busquets. Subsequently other
artists as Joaquim Ros i Bofarull intervened.
Sculptures by Llorenç Matamala i Piñol:
- composition and direction of Gaudí -:
Angels playing clarions
Jesus working
Jesus preaching in the temple
Saint Joseph and the child
Jesus
Saint Anna
Saint Joachim
The slaughter of the Innocents
The flight from Egypt (with
touches of Carles Mani)
Saint Zachariah
Saint John preaching
Figures of the
Entry of the Rosary
- outlines of Gaudí, execution of Llorenç Matamala -:
The Virgin
- model and execution of Llorenç Matamala -:
The apostles of
the bell towers
The wedding of Joseph and Mary
The coronation of Mary
Saint Joseph
governing the Church (presented as a boat)
Presentation of Jesus in the temple
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Sculptures by Jaume Busquets:
Central Group with Jesus and Mary
The Annunciation of the Angel to
Mary
Sculptures by Joaquim Ros i Bofarull:
The
adoration of the shepherds (year
1981)
The adoration of the Kings
(year 1982) |
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